Results for a UK general election on 12 December 2019 England - Elections won by Labour
A general election to the 58th Parliament of the United Kingdom with an electorate of 47,562,702, having 32,014,110 valid votes and 117,919 invalid votes.
Read the House of Commons Library briefing.
Figures presented for Labour include those candidates certified by both the Labour and the Co-operative parties.
Constituency | Candidate | Electorate | Turnout | Votes | Vote share | Vote change | Majority |
Ashton-Under-Lyne | RAYNER, Angela | 67,978 | 56.8% | 18,544 | 48.1% | -12.3% | 4,263 |
Barking | HODGE, Margaret | 77,953 | 57.1% | 27,219 | 61.2% | -6.6% | 15,427 |
Barnsley Central | JARVIS, Daniel | 65,277 | 56.5% | 14,804 | 40.1% | -23.8% | 3,571 |
Barnsley East | PEACOCK, Stephanie | 69,504 | 54.8% | 14,329 | 37.6% | -21.9% | 3,217 |
Batley and Spen | BRABIN, Tracy | 79,558 | 66.5% | 22,594 | 42.7% | -12.8% | 3,525 |
Battersea | DE CORDOVA, Marsha | 79,350 | 75.6% | 27,290 | 45.5% | -0.4% | 5,668 |
Bedford | YASIN, Mohammad | 71,581 | 66.1% | 20,491 | 43.3% | -3.5% | 145 |
Bermondsey and Old Southwark | COYLE, Neil | 93,248 | 62.9% | 31,723 | 54.1% | 0.9% | 16,126 |
Bethnal Green and Bow | ALI, Rushanara | 88,262 | 68.6% | 44,052 | 72.7% | 0.9% | 37,524 |
Birkenhead | WHITLEY, Mick | 63,762 | 66.4% | 24,990 | 59.0% | -17.8% | 17,705 |
Birmingham, Edgbaston | GILL, Preet Kaur | 68,828 | 61.5% | 21,217 | 50.1% | -5.2% | 5,614 |
Birmingham, Erdington | DROMEY, Jack | 66,148 | 53.3% | 17,720 | 50.3% | -7.7% | 3,601 |
Birmingham, Hall Green | ALI, Tahir | 80,283 | 65.9% | 35,889 | 67.8% | -9.8% | 28,508 |
Birmingham, Hodge Hill | BYRNE, Liam | 78,295 | 57.5% | 35,397 | 78.7% | -2.4% | 28,655 |
Birmingham, Ladywood | MAHMOOD, Shabana | 74,912 | 56.2% | 33,355 | 79.2% | -3.5% | 28,582 |
Birmingham, Perry Barr | MAHMOOD, Khalid | 72,006 | 58.5% | 26,594 | 63.1% | -5.0% | 15,317 |
Birmingham, Selly Oak | MCCABE, Stephen | 82,665 | 59.8% | 27,714 | 56.0% | -6.9% | 12,414 |
Birmingham, Yardley | PHILLIPS, Jess | 74,704 | 57.1% | 23,379 | 54.8% | -2.3% | 10,659 |
Blackburn | HOLLERN, Kate | 71,234 | 62.8% | 29,040 | 64.9% | -4.8% | 18,304 |
Blackley and Broughton | STRINGER, Graham | 73,372 | 52.6% | 23,887 | 61.9% | -8.6% | 14,402 |
Blaydon | TWIST, Liz | 67,853 | 67.3% | 19,794 | 43.3% | -12.8% | 5,531 |
Bolton South East | QURESHI, Yasmin | 69,163 | 58.7% | 21,516 | 53.0% | -7.7% | 7,598 |
Bootle | DOWD, Peter | 74,832 | 65.7% | 39,066 | 79.4% | -4.6% | 34,556 |
Bradford East | HUSSAIN, Imran | 73,206 | 60.4% | 27,825 | 63.0% | -2.4% | 18,144 |
Bradford South | CUMMINS, Judith | 69,046 | 57.6% | 18,390 | 46.3% | -8.2% | 2,346 |
Bradford West | SHAH, Naz | 70,694 | 62.6% | 33,736 | 76.2% | 11.5% | 27,019 |
Brent Central | BUTLER, Dawn | 84,032 | 58.5% | 31,779 | 64.7% | -8.4% | 20,870 |
Brentford and Isleworth | CADBURY, Ruth | 85,775 | 68.0% | 29,266 | 50.2% | -7.2% | 10,514 |
Brent North | GARDINER, Barry | 83,788 | 61.9% | 26,911 | 51.9% | -11.0% | 8,079 |
Brighton, Kemptown | RUSSELL-MOYLE, Lloyd | 69,833 | 69.5% | 25,033 | 51.6% | -6.8% | 8,061 |
Bristol East | MCCARTHY, Kerry | 73,867 | 70.6% | 27,717 | 53.1% | -7.6% | 10,794 |
Bristol North West | JONES, Darren | 76,273 | 73.3% | 27,330 | 48.9% | -1.7% | 5,692 |
Bristol South | SMYTH, Karin | 84,079 | 65.6% | 27,895 | 50.5% | -9.5% | 9,859 |
Bristol West | DEBBONAIRE, Thangam | 99,253 | 76.1% | 47,028 | 62.3% | -3.7% | 28,219 |
Camberwell and Peckham | HARMAN, Harriet | 88,971 | 63.5% | 40,258 | 71.3% | -6.5% | 33,780 |
Cambridge | ZEICHNER, Daniel | 79,951 | 67.2% | 25,776 | 48.0% | -3.9% | 9,639 |
Canterbury | DUFFIELD, Rosemary | 80,203 | 75.0% | 29,018 | 48.3% | 3.3% | 1,836 |
Chesterfield | PERKINS, Toby | 71,034 | 63.6% | 18,171 | 40.2% | -14.6% | 1,451 |
City Of Chester | MATHESON, Christian | 76,057 | 71.7% | 27,082 | 49.6% | -7.1% | 6,164 |
City Of Durham | FOY, Mary | 71,271 | 68.6% | 20,531 | 42.0% | -13.4% | 5,025 |
Coventry North East | FLETCHER, Colleen | 76,006 | 58.5% | 23,412 | 52.7% | -10.8% | 7,692 |
Coventry North West | OWATEMI, Taiwo | 75,247 | 63.4% | 20,918 | 43.8% | -10.1% | 208 |
Coventry South | SULTANA, Zarah | 70,979 | 63.5% | 19,544 | 43.4% | -11.7% | 401 |
Croydon Central | JONES, Sarah | 81,407 | 66.4% | 27,124 | 50.2% | -2.1% | 5,949 |
Croydon North | REED, Steve | 88,468 | 62.9% | 36,495 | 65.6% | -8.5% | 24,673 |
Dagenham and Rainham | CRUDDAS, Jon | 71,045 | 61.6% | 19,468 | 44.5% | -5.6% | 293 |
Denton and Reddish | GWYNNE, Andrew | 66,234 | 58.3% | 19,317 | 50.1% | -13.5% | 6,175 |
Derby South | BECKETT, Margaret | 73,062 | 58.1% | 21,690 | 51.1% | -7.3% | 6,019 |
Doncaster Central | WINTERTON, Rosie | 71,389 | 58.2% | 16,638 | 40.0% | -17.9% | 2,278 |
Doncaster North | MILIBAND, Edward | 72,362 | 56.2% | 15,740 | 38.7% | -22.1% | 2,370 |
Dulwich and West Norwood | HAYES, Helen | 80,331 | 69.4% | 36,521 | 65.5% | -4.2% | 27,310 |
Ealing Central and Acton | HUQ, Rupa | 75,510 | 72.6% | 28,132 | 51.3% | -8.4% | 13,300 |
Ealing North | MURRAY, James | 74,473 | 66.6% | 28,036 | 56.5% | -9.5% | 12,269 |
Ealing, Southall | SHARMA, Virendra | 64,581 | 65.4% | 25,678 | 60.8% | -9.4% | 16,084 |
Easington | MORRIS, Grahame | 61,182 | 56.5% | 15,723 | 45.5% | -18.2% | 6,581 |
East Ham | TIMMS, Stephen | 88,319 | 61.9% | 41,703 | 76.3% | -6.9% | 33,176 |
Edmonton | OSAMOR, Kate | 65,747 | 61.4% | 26,217 | 65.0% | -6.5% | 16,015 |
Ellesmere Port and Neston | MADDERS, Justin | 70,327 | 69.3% | 26,001 | 53.3% | -5.8% | 8,764 |
Eltham | EFFORD, Clive | 64,086 | 68.2% | 20,550 | 47.0% | -7.4% | 3,197 |
Enfield North | CLARK, Feryal | 68,301 | 66.0% | 23,340 | 51.8% | -6.2% | 6,492 |
Enfield, Southgate | CHARALAMBOUS, Bambos | 65,525 | 72.1% | 22,923 | 48.5% | -3.2% | 4,450 |
Erith and Thamesmead | OPPONG-ASARE, Abena | 65,399 | 63.3% | 19,882 | 48.0% | -9.5% | 3,758 |
Exeter | BRADSHAW, Ben | 82,054 | 68.5% | 29,882 | 53.2% | -8.8% | 10,403 |
Feltham and Heston | MALHOTRA, Seema | 80,934 | 59.1% | 24,876 | 52.0% | -9.2% | 7,859 |
Garston and Halewood | EAGLE, Maria | 76,116 | 70.1% | 38,578 | 72.3% | -5.4% | 31,624 |
Gateshead | MEARNS, Ian | 64,449 | 59.2% | 20,450 | 53.6% | -11.5% | 7,200 |
Greenwich and Woolwich | PENNYCOOK, Matthew | 79,997 | 66.4% | 30,185 | 56.8% | -7.6% | 18,464 |
Hackney North and Stoke Newington | ABBOTT, Diane | 92,462 | 61.5% | 39,972 | 70.3% | -4.8% | 33,188 |
Hackney South and Shoreditch | HILLIER, Meg | 89,387 | 60.9% | 39,884 | 73.3% | -6.2% | 33,985 |
Halifax | LYNCH, Holly | 71,887 | 64.6% | 21,496 | 46.3% | -6.6% | 2,569 |
Halton | TWIGG, Derek | 71,930 | 64.2% | 29,333 | 63.5% | -9.4% | 18,975 |
Hammersmith | SLAUGHTER, Andy | 74,759 | 69.5% | 30,074 | 57.9% | -6.0% | 17,847 |
Hampstead and Kilburn | SIDDIQ, Tulip | 86,571 | 66.3% | 28,080 | 48.9% | -10.1% | 14,188 |
Harrow West | THOMAS, Gareth | 72,464 | 66.1% | 25,132 | 52.4% | -8.4% | 8,692 |
Hartlepool | HILL, Mike | 70,855 | 57.9% | 15,464 | 37.7% | -14.8% | 3,595 |
Hayes and Harlington | MCDONNELL, John | 72,357 | 60.8% | 24,545 | 55.8% | -10.7% | 9,261 |
Hemsworth | TRICKETT, Jon | 73,726 | 59.6% | 16,460 | 37.5% | -18.5% | 1,180 |
Holborn and St Pancras | STARMER, Keir | 86,061 | 66.0% | 36,641 | 64.5% | -5.6% | 27,763 |
Hornsey and Wood Green | WEST, Catherine | 81,814 | 74.7% | 35,126 | 57.5% | -7.9% | 19,242 |
Houghton and Sunderland South | PHILLIPSON, Bridget | 68,835 | 57.8% | 16,210 | 40.7% | -18.7% | 3,115 |
Hove | KYLE, Peter | 74,313 | 75.9% | 32,876 | 58.3% | -5.8% | 17,044 |
Huddersfield | SHEERMAN, Barry | 65,525 | 63.9% | 20,509 | 49.0% | -11.4% | 4,937 |
Ilford North | STREETING, Wes | 72,973 | 68.7% | 25,323 | 50.5% | -7.2% | 5,218 |
Ilford South | TARRY, Sam | 84,972 | 62.9% | 35,085 | 65.6% | -10.2% | 24,101 |
Islington North | CORBYN, Jeremy | 75,162 | 71.6% | 34,603 | 64.3% | -8.7% | 26,188 |
Islington South and Finsbury | THORNBERRY, Emily | 70,489 | 67.8% | 26,897 | 56.3% | -6.6% | 17,328 |
Jarrow | OSBORNE, Kate | 65,103 | 62.6% | 18,363 | 45.1% | -20.0% | 7,120 |
Kingston upon Hull East | TURNER, Karl | 65,745 | 49.3% | 12,713 | 39.2% | -19.1% | 1,239 |
Kingston upon Hull North | JOHNSON, Diana | 65,515 | 52.2% | 17,033 | 49.8% | -14.0% | 7,593 |
Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle | HARDY, Emma | 60,192 | 52.1% | 13,384 | 42.7% | -10.4% | 2,856 |
Knowsley | HOWARTH, George | 84,082 | 65.3% | 44,374 | 80.8% | -4.6% | 39,942 |
Lancaster and Fleetwood | SMITH, Cat | 70,059 | 64.5% | 21,184 | 46.8% | -8.3% | 2,380 |
Leeds Central | BENN, Hilary | 90,971 | 54.2% | 30,413 | 61.7% | -8.5% | 19,270 |
Leeds East | BURGON, Richard | 67,286 | 58.0% | 19,464 | 49.8% | -11.5% | 5,531 |
Leeds North East | HAMILTON, Fabian | 70,580 | 71.6% | 29,024 | 57.5% | -5.6% | 17,089 |
Leeds North West | SOBEL, Alex | 67,741 | 72.8% | 23,971 | 48.6% | 4.5% | 10,749 |
Leeds West | REEVES, Rachel | 67,727 | 59.5% | 22,186 | 55.1% | -8.9% | 10,564 |
Leicester East | WEBBE, Claudia | 78,433 | 63.0% | 25,090 | 50.8% | -16.2% | 6,019 |
Leicester South | ASHWORTH, Jonathan | 77,708 | 64.5% | 33,606 | 67.0% | -6.5% | 22,675 |
Leicester West | KENDALL, Liz | 64,940 | 53.5% | 17,291 | 49.7% | -11.1% | 4,212 |
Lewisham, Deptford | FOXCROFT, Vicky | 80,631 | 68.7% | 39,216 | 70.8% | -6.2% | 32,913 |
Lewisham East | DABY, Janet | 67,857 | 66.0% | 26,661 | 59.5% | -8.5% | 17,008 |
Lewisham West and Penge | REEVES, Ellie | 74,617 | 69.8% | 31,860 | 61.2% | -5.4% | 21,543 |
Leyton and Wanstead | CRYER, John | 64,852 | 68.7% | 28,836 | 64.7% | -5.1% | 20,808 |
Liverpool, Riverside | JOHNSON, Kim | 80,310 | 65.7% | 41,170 | 78.0% | -6.6% | 37,043 |
Liverpool, Walton | CARDEN, Dan | 62,628 | 65.1% | 34,538 | 84.7% | -1.0% | 30,520 |
Liverpool, Wavertree | BARKER, Paula | 63,458 | 68.4% | 31,310 | 72.2% | -7.4% | 27,085 |
Liverpool, West Derby | BYRNE, Ian | 65,640 | 67.0% | 34,117 | 77.6% | -5.2% | 29,984 |
Luton North | OWEN, Sarah | 68,185 | 62.5% | 23,496 | 55.2% | -8.7% | 9,247 |
Luton South | HOPKINS, Rachel | 69,338 | 60.7% | 21,787 | 51.8% | -10.6% | 8,756 |
Makerfield | FOVARGUE, Yvonne | 74,190 | 59.7% | 19,954 | 45.1% | -15.1% | 4,740 |
Manchester Central | POWELL, Lucy | 92,247 | 56.7% | 36,823 | 70.4% | -7.0% | 29,089 |
Manchester, Gorton | KHAN, Afzal | 76,419 | 58.3% | 34,583 | 77.6% | 1.3% | 30,339 |
Manchester, Withington | SMITH, Jeff | 76,530 | 69.2% | 35,902 | 67.7% | -3.9% | 27,905 |
Middlesbrough | MCDONALD, Andy | 60,764 | 56.1% | 17,207 | 50.5% | -15.2% | 8,395 |
Mitcham and Morden | MCDONAGH, Siobhain | 70,021 | 65.3% | 27,964 | 61.1% | -7.5% | 16,482 |
Newcastle Upon Tyne Central | ONWURAH, Chi | 57,845 | 64.8% | 21,568 | 57.6% | -7.3% | 12,278 |
Newcastle Upon Tyne East | BROWN, Nicholas | 63,796 | 68.0% | 26,049 | 60.1% | -7.5% | 15,463 |
Newcastle Upon Tyne North | MCKINNELL, Catherine | 68,486 | 68.6% | 21,354 | 45.4% | -9.9% | 5,765 |
Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford | COOPER, Yvette | 84,527 | 57.1% | 18,297 | 37.9% | -21.6% | 1,276 |
North Durham | JONES, Kevan | 66,796 | 63.2% | 18,639 | 44.2% | -15.7% | 4,742 |
North Tyneside | GLINDON, Mary | 78,902 | 63.9% | 25,051 | 49.7% | -14.8% | 9,561 |
Norwich South | LEWIS, Clive | 77,845 | 66.4% | 27,766 | 53.7% | -7.2% | 12,760 |
Nottingham East | WHITTOME, Nadia | 66,262 | 60.4% | 25,735 | 64.3% | -7.1% | 17,393 |
Nottingham North | NORRIS, Alex | 66,495 | 53.1% | 17,337 | 49.1% | -11.1% | 4,490 |
Nottingham South | GREENWOOD, Lilian | 79,485 | 60.6% | 26,586 | 55.2% | -7.1% | 12,568 |
Oldham East and Saddleworth | ABRAHAMS, Debbie | 72,120 | 64.0% | 20,088 | 43.5% | -11.0% | 1,499 |
Oldham West and Royton | MCMAHON, Jim | 72,999 | 60.9% | 24,579 | 55.3% | -9.9% | 11,127 |
Oxford East | DODDS, Anneliese | 78,303 | 63.0% | 28,135 | 57.0% | -8.2% | 17,832 |
Plymouth, Sutton and Devonport | POLLARD, Luke | 77,852 | 68.3% | 25,461 | 47.9% | -5.4% | 4,757 |
Poplar and Limehouse | BEGUM, Apsana | 91,836 | 66.7% | 38,660 | 63.1% | -4.2% | 28,904 |
Portsmouth South | MORGAN, Stephen | 74,186 | 63.9% | 23,068 | 48.6% | 7.6% | 5,363 |
Preston | HENDRICK, Mark | 59,672 | 56.6% | 20,870 | 61.8% | -6.2% | 12,146 |
Putney | ANDERSON, Fleur | 65,556 | 77.0% | 22,780 | 45.1% | 4.4% | 4,774 |
Reading East | RODDA, Mathew | 77,152 | 72.5% | 27,102 | 48.5% | -0.6% | 5,924 |
Rochdale | LLOYD, Tony | 78,909 | 60.1% | 24,475 | 51.6% | -6.4% | 9,668 |
Rotherham | CHAMPION, Sarah | 61,688 | 57.8% | 14,736 | 41.3% | -15.1% | 3,121 |
Salford and Eccles | LONG-BAILEY, Rebecca | 82,202 | 61.6% | 28,755 | 56.8% | -8.7% | 16,327 |
Sefton Central | ESTERSON, Bill | 69,760 | 72.9% | 29,254 | 57.5% | -5.5% | 15,122 |
Sheffield, Brightside and Hillsborough | FURNISS, Gill | 69,333 | 57.1% | 22,369 | 56.5% | -10.8% | 12,274 |
Sheffield Central | BLOMFIELD, Paul | 89,849 | 56.7% | 33,968 | 66.7% | -4.2% | 27,273 |
Sheffield, Hallam | BLAKE, Olivia | 72,763 | 78.2% | 19,709 | 34.6% | -3.7% | 712 |
Sheffield, Heeley | HAIGH, Louise | 66,940 | 63.8% | 21,475 | 50.3% | -9.7% | 8,520 |
Sheffield South East | BETTS, Clive | 67,832 | 61.9% | 19,359 | 46.1% | -12.4% | 4,289 |
Slough | DHESI, Tan | 86,818 | 58.8% | 29,421 | 57.6% | -5.3% | 13,640 |
Southampton, Test | WHITEHEAD, Alan | 70,116 | 64.2% | 22,256 | 49.5% | -9.2% | 6,213 |
South Shields | LEWELL-BUCK, Emma | 62,793 | 60.3% | 17,273 | 45.6% | -15.9% | 9,585 |
Stalybridge and Hyde | REYNOLDS, Jonathan | 73,064 | 58.0% | 19,025 | 44.9% | -12.3% | 2,946 |
St Helens North | MCGINN, Conor | 75,593 | 62.9% | 24,870 | 52.3% | -11.5% | 12,209 |
St Helens South and Whiston | RIMMER, Marie | 79,061 | 63.6% | 29,457 | 58.5% | -9.3% | 19,122 |
Stockport | MISHRA, Navendu | 65,391 | 63.8% | 21,695 | 52.0% | -11.3% | 10,039 |
Stockton North | CUNNINGHAM, Alex | 66,649 | 61.8% | 17,728 | 43.1% | -13.8% | 1,027 |
Streatham | RIBEIRO-ADDY, Bell | 84,783 | 66.7% | 30,976 | 54.8% | -13.7% | 17,690 |
Stretford and Urmston | GREEN, Kate | 72,372 | 69.2% | 30,195 | 60.3% | -6.5% | 16,417 |
Sunderland Central | ELLIOTT, Julie | 72,680 | 59.8% | 18,336 | 42.2% | -13.4% | 2,964 |
Tooting | ALLIN-KHAN, Rosena | 76,954 | 76.0% | 30,811 | 52.7% | -6.9% | 14,307 |
Tottenham | LAMMY, David | 75,740 | 61.9% | 35,621 | 76.0% | -5.6% | 30,175 |
Tynemouth | CAMPBELL, Alan | 77,261 | 72.5% | 26,928 | 48.1% | -8.9% | 4,857 |
Vauxhall | ESHALOMI, Florence | 88,659 | 63.5% | 31,615 | 56.1% | -1.2% | 19,612 |
Wallasey | EAGLE, Angela | 66,310 | 70.1% | 29,901 | 64.3% | -7.1% | 18,322 |
Walsall South | VAZ, Valerie | 68,024 | 62.4% | 20,872 | 49.1% | -8.2% | 3,456 |
Walthamstow | CREASY, Stella | 70,267 | 68.8% | 36,784 | 76.1% | -4.5% | 30,862 |
Wansbeck | LAVERY, Ian | 63,339 | 64.0% | 17,124 | 42.3% | -15.1% | 814 |
Warley | SPELLAR, John | 62,357 | 59.7% | 21,901 | 58.8% | -8.4% | 11,511 |
Warrington North | NICHOLS, Charlotte | 72,235 | 64.6% | 20,611 | 44.2% | -12.2% | 1,509 |
Warwick and Leamington | WESTERN, Matt | 76,362 | 71.0% | 23,718 | 43.8% | -2.9% | 789 |
Washington and Sunderland West | HODGSON, Sharon | 66,278 | 56.6% | 15,941 | 42.5% | -18.2% | 3,723 |
Weaver Vale | AMESBURY, Mike | 70,551 | 71.9% | 22,772 | 44.9% | -6.6% | 562 |
Wentworth and Dearne | HEALEY, John | 74,536 | 55.8% | 16,742 | 40.3% | -24.7% | 2,165 |
West Ham | BROWN, Lyn | 97,947 | 61.5% | 42,181 | 70.1% | -6.7% | 32,388 |
West Lancashire | COOPER, Rosie | 73,347 | 71.8% | 27,458 | 52.1% | -6.8% | 8,336 |
Westminster North | BUCK, Karen | 65,519 | 65.5% | 23,240 | 54.2% | -5.7% | 10,759 |
Wigan | NANDY, Lisa | 75,680 | 59.5% | 21,042 | 46.7% | -15.5% | 6,728 |
Wirral South | MCGOVERN, Alison | 57,280 | 76.0% | 22,284 | 51.2% | -6.1% | 6,105 |
Wirral West | GREENWOOD, Margaret | 55,550 | 77.3% | 20,695 | 48.2% | -6.1% | 3,003 |
Wolverhampton South East | MCFADDEN, Pat | 62,883 | 53.2% | 15,522 | 46.4% | -11.8% | 1,235 |
Worsley and Eccles South | KEELEY, Barbara | 75,219 | 59.4% | 20,446 | 45.7% | -11.3% | 3,219 |
Wythenshawe and Sale East | KANE, Michael | 76,313 | 58.7% | 23,855 | 53.3% | -8.9% | 10,396 |
York Central | MASKELL, Rachael | 74,899 | 66.1% | 27,312 | 55.2% | -10.0% | 13,545 |
Turnout as calculated by the House of Commons Library, is the total number of votes cast and not spoiled, divided by the size of the electorate.